The Mac mini's USB ports have two functions, the USB signal and power for devices like a mouse.
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As you state the powered Hub is not able to access the USB signal side of the connection back to the Mac Mini this implies the USB hub chip inside the Mac Mini is damaged. Using the powered hub (powered) allow us to make sure the power side of the Mac Mini's USB ports wheren't the issue as the power from the independent power supply would feed the devices connected to the hub (not any of the mini's USB ports).
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As you state the powered Hub is not able to access the USB signal side of the connection back to the Mac Mini this implies the USB hub chip inside the Mac Mini is damaged.
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Using the powered hub (powered) allow us to make sure the power side of the Mac Mini's USB ports wheren't the issue as the power from the independent power supply would feed the devices connected to the hub (not any of the mini's USB ports).
You could also use a USB tester like this one: [https://www.ebay.com/i/271999629267?chn=ps&dispItem=1|USB Charger Doctor Current Voltage Charging Detector Battery Voltmeter Ammeter] to test the USB power service from the Mac Mini.
Sadly, at this point I think your logic board is damaged.
The Mac mini's USB ports have two functions, the USB signal and power for devices like a mouse.
As you state the powered Hub is not able to access the USB signal side of the connection back to the Mac Mini this implies the USB hub chip inside the Mac Mini is damaged. Using the powered hub (powered) allow us to make sure the power side of the Mac Mini's USB ports wheren't the issue as the power from the independent power supply would feed the devices connected to the hub (not any of the mini's USB ports).
You could also use a USB tester like this one: [https://www.ebay.com/i/271999629267?chn=ps&dispItem=1|USB Charger Doctor Current Voltage Charging Detector Battery Voltmeter Ammeter] to test the USB power service from the Mac Mini.
Sadly, at this point I think your logic board is damaged.