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Background and Identification
An external storage device is an accessory that holds electronic files outside your computer. You can use external storage to keep extra files that you don’t need/want on your computer all the time, to make a backup of your data in case of accidents, or to transfer large amounts of data by sneakernet. If you’re enterprising, you can also start your computer from an external storage device to recover from an internal storage failure or to install a different operating system.
For most computers before 2000, external storage consisted of floppy disks, CDs, or DVDs. Only DVDs were able to hold over a gigabyte of data.
External storage is usually connected to a computer via USB, Thunderbolt, or FireWire (old school), but sometimes the device is attached to your home or office network allowing you to access it over Wi-Fi.
Some external storage devices use hard drives (HDDs) inside, which are generally slow but can hold large amounts of data for a relatively cheap price. Hard drives are produced in two main form factors—2.5 inches and 3.5 inches—which refer to the diameter of the spinning platter inside the hard drive. 3.5" external HDDs generally require a separate power adapter, whereas 2.5" external HDDs are usually powered off of USB.
Other external drives use solid-state drives (SSDs) that access data at high speed, but cost more than hard drives for an equivalent amount of storage space.
Many USB external drives consist of a standard internal drive (usually SATA, mSATA, or M.2) inside an enclosure that protects the drive and converts the protocol to and from USB. Such external drives can be disassembled, which is useful to recover data from a failed enclosure, repurpose them as internal drives (called "shucking"), or even upgrade the external drive's capacity. Note that some other external drives contain a single, integrated PCB and cannot be shucked. Also, many enclosures are difficult to open without breaking plastic tabs.
